ASTM B111 C44300 Admiralty Brass Tube
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ASTM B111 C44300
C44300, also known as admiralty brass or naval brass, is a copper-zinc-tin alloy with arsenic addition. It is fully compliant with ASTM B111 and ASME SB111 standards. The nominal composition is 71% copper, 28% zinc, and 1% tin, with a trace amount of arsenic.
The key feature of C44300 is its resistance to impingement corrosion and dezincification. This makes it suitable for heat exchanger condenser and shell tube evaporator applications where cooling water velocity is high or water chemistry varies.
Unlike ASTM B111 C12200 (deoxidized copper), C44300 offers better corrosion resistance in flowing seawater. However, it has lower thermal conductivity than pure copper. The trade-off is acceptable for many marine and coastal power plant applications.
ASTM B111 C44300 – Available Forms
| Product Form | Size / Specification Range | Heat Treatment Condition |
|---|---|---|
| Seamless Tubes & Pipes | Tubes: OD 6.0 – 168 mm, WT 0.5 – 12.7 mm; Pipes: OD 10.3 – 610 mm, WT 1.0 – 30 mm | Annealed (550–650°C, air cooling), Stress-Relieved, or As-Drawn |
| U-Bend Tubes | Custom radii per drawing | Stress-Relieved (after bending) or Full Annealed |
| Tube Bundles | Custom tube sheet layouts, baffle arrangements, and complete bundle assemblies per customer drawing | Full Annealed or Stress-Relieved (entire assembly stress-relieved after fabrication when required) |
ASTM B111 C44300 Chemical Composition
C44300 is a standardized alloy under multiple international specifications. We supply tubing certified to ASTM B111 pdf, ASME SB111 pdf, EN 12451, and JIS H3300 depending on customer requirements.
| Element | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|
| Copper (Cu) | 70.0 – 73.0 |
| Tin (Sn) | 0.8 – 1.2 |
| Lead (Pb) | 0.07 max |
| Iron (Fe) | 0.06 max |
| Arsenic (As) | 0.02 – 0.06 |
| Zinc (Zn) | Remainder |
The arsenic addition is critical. It prevents dezincification – a form of corrosion where zinc leaches out of the alloy, leaving behind porous copper. Without arsenic, standard brass would fail quickly in seawater service.
C44300 is also available as SB111 C44300 for ASME code applications. The chemistry and mechanical properties are identical to ASTM B111, but the certification requirements are more stringent.
ASTM B111 C44300 Mechanical and Physical Properties
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Tensile strength (min) | 310 MPa (45 ksi) |
| Yield strength (0.5% extension) | 105 MPa (15 ksi) |
| Elongation (min) | 30% |
| Hardness (Rockwell B) | 55 – 80 |
| Thermal conductivity | 100 W/m·K (at 20°C) |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 18.4 µm/m·K (20-300°C) |
| Density | 8.52 g/cm³ |
Note that the thermal conductivity of C44300 is approximately one-quarter that of pure copper (C12200). This is an important factor in copper tube heat exchanger calculation. However, in many seawater applications, corrosion resistance takes priority over thermal efficiency.
Where Is C44300 Used?
Power Plant Surface Condensers
Excellent thermal conductivity with good resistance to freshwater and brackish water corrosion; widely used in once-through and recirculating cooling systems.
Common Form: Straight Tubes / Tube Bundles
Temper: Annealed (O60)
Industrial Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers
High heat transfer efficiency and good fabricability make it ideal for general industrial cooling and heating applications.
Common Form: U-Bend Tubes / Straight Tubes
Temper: Stress-Relieved (after bending) / Annealed (O60)
Refinery & Petrochemical Coolers
Suitable for hydrocarbon processing where cooling media is freshwater or low-salinity brackish water.
Common Form: U-Bend Tubes / Tube Bundles
Temper: Stress-Relieved (after bending) / Annealed (O60)
District Heating & Cooling Systems
Reliable service in closed-loop water networks with excellent resistance to general corrosion and biofouling.
Common Form: Straight Tubes / Seamless Pipes
Temper: Annealed (O60)
Compressor Intercoolers & Aftercoolers
Effective heat removal in multi-stage air compression systems using water-cooled tube bundles.
Common Form: U-Bend Tubes / Tube Bundles
Temper: Stress-Relieved (after bending) / Annealed (O60)
Generator & Transformer Oil Coolers
Cooling of lube oil and insulating oil in power generation equipment using water-cooled tubular heat exchangers.
Common Form: Straight Tubes / U-Bend Tubes
Temper: Annealed (O60) / Stress-Relieved
ASTM B111 C44300 – Tube & Pipe Dimensions
| Product Form | Outside Diameter (OD) | Wall Thickness (WT) | Length | Temper |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seamless Tubes & Pipes | Tubes: 6.0 – 168 mm (1/4" – 6.625"); Pipes: 10.3 – 610 mm (1/8" – 24") | Tubes: 0.5 – 12.7 mm (0.020" – 0.500"); Pipes: 1.0 – 30 mm (0.039" – 1.181") | Tubes: up to 30,000 mm; Pipes: up to 12,000 mm or custom | Annealed (O60), Stress-Relieved, or As-Drawn |
| U-Bend Tubes | 6.0 – 50.8 mm (1/4" – 2") | 0.7 – 3.0 mm (0.028" – 0.118") | Custom radii and leg lengths per drawing | Stress-Relieved (after bending) or Annealed |
| Tube Bundles | Per tube sheet layout | Per tube specifications | Per customer assembly drawing | Annealed or Stress-Relieved |
C44300 vs Other Heat Exchanger Tube Alloys
| Alloy | Strengths | Weaknesses | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| C44300 (Admiralty Brass) | High thermal conductivity; low cost; good for freshwater | Not for seawater; dezincification risk | Power plant & industrial freshwater coolers |
| C12200 (Phosphorus-Deoxidized Copper) | Highest thermal conductivity (~380 W/m·K); excellent forming and welding; good corrosion resistance in clean water | Poor resistance to high-velocity water/steam; limited strength; biofouling issues | HVAC&R systems; fire protection; instrument lines; low-pressure water applications |
| C70600 (90/10 Cu-Ni) | Excellent seawater corrosion resistance; good biofouling resistance | Lower thermal conductivity; higher cost | Seawater cooling systems; marine heat exchangers |
| C71500 (70/30 Cu-Ni) | Best seawater resistance; high strength | Lowest thermal conductivity; highest cost | High-velocity seawater; naval applications |
| C68700 (Aluminum Brass) | Good seawater resistance; better than C44300 | Dezincification risk in stagnant water; moderate cost | Condensers with seawater or brackish water |
| If Your Cooling Water Is... | Recommended Alloy | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Freshwater / Closed-loop cooling | C44300 | Best cost-performance; high heat transfer |
| Clean water / HVAC low-pressure systems | C12200 | Maximum heat transfer; easy fabrication |
| Brackish water / Low-salinity seawater | C44300 or C68700 | C44300 is cost-effective; C68700 for added safety |
| Seawater (low velocity) | C70600 | Reliable seawater corrosion resistance |
| Seawater (high velocity / turbulent flow) | C70600 or C71500 | Erosion-corrosion resistance; C71500 for extreme conditions |
| High-temperature seawater / aggressive environments | C71500 | Maximum durability and corrosion resistance |
FAQ
What is ASTM B111 C44300 admiralty brass tube?
It is a copper-zinc-tin-arsenic alloy tube manufactured to ASTM B111 standard for heat exchanger applications. The arsenic addition prevents dezincification corrosion in seawater.
What is the difference between C44300 and C12200?
C12200 is deoxidized copper with high thermal conductivity for fresh water applications. C44300 is admiralty brass with lower thermal conductivity but much better resistance to seawater corrosion.
Can C44300 be used in seawater?
Yes. C44300 is specifically designed for seawater and brackish water cooling. It resists impingement corrosion and dezincification when manufactured correctly.
How to clean copper heat exchanger tube made of C44300?
Use mechanical brushing with nylon or brass brushes. For chemical cleaning, use inhibited acids approved for brass. Never use ammonia-based cleaners or hydrochloric acid.
How to bend copper heat exchanger tube in C44300?
Use annealed temper tube and a mandrel bender. Minimum bending radius should be 3.0 × OD. C44300 is less ductile than pure copper, so avoid tight radii.
How to weld copper heat exchanger tube in C44300?
TIG welding is possible but requires proper ventilation due to zinc oxide fumes. Use silicon bronze or naval brass filler. For most heat exchangers, mechanical tube expansion is preferred over welding.
Copper heat exchanger tube vs stainless steel for seawater – which is better?
Neither is ideal. C44300 or cupronickel (C70600, C71500) are the standard choices for seawater-cooled heat exchangers. Stainless steel can suffer crevice corrosion in seawater.
Copper heat exchanger tube vs cupronickel – which lasts longer?
Cupronickel (C70600 tube or C71500 tube) lasts longer in aggressive seawater. However, C44300 offers better thermal conductivity and lower material cost. The choice depends on seawater quality and expected service life.
Why use copper in heat exchanger systems with seawater?
Admiralty brass (C44300) has been used for decades in coastal power plants and marine applications because it offers an acceptable balance of corrosion resistance, thermal performance, and cost.
What is the life expectancy of C44300 heat exchanger tube?
In properly designed and maintained seawater systems, 15-25 years is typical. Factors affecting life include water velocity, sand content, water temperature, and chemical treatment.
What causes corrosion in C44300 tubes?
Common causes: water velocity above 2.5 m/s, entrained sand or air bubbles, ammonia in water, low pH (below 6.5), or improper arsenic content in the alloy.
Do you supply C44300 to EN 12451 or JIS H3300?
Yes. While ASTM B111 and ASME SB111 are our primary standards, we can also provide certification to EN 12451 (European) or JIS H3300 (Japanese) standards upon request.
What is the difference between ASTM B111 and ASME SB111 for C44300?
ASME SB111 is the ASME code version. Chemistry and properties are identical, but SB111 includes additional quality assurance and certification requirements for pressure vessel applications.
Do you have copper heat exchanger tube for sale in small repair quantities?
Yes. We support small replacement bundles for existing heat exchangers as well as large OEM orders. Contact us with your tube sheet drawing and we will quote accordingly.
Ordering Information
To request a quote for copper heat exchanger tube in C44300, please provide:
Standard (ASTM B111, ASME SB111, EN 12451, or JIS H3300)
Alloy (C44300 admiralty brass)
Outer diameter
Wall thickness (or BWG gauge)
Length per piece
Total quantity (meters or number of tubes)
Temper (annealed or drawn)
U-bends required? (radius if yes)
Destination port
Contact our technical sales team for pricing and engineering support.
C44300 Copper Heat Exchanger Tubes Package
| Packaging Stage | Material / Method | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Individual Tube Protection | Anti-rust VCI paper + plastic end caps | Prevents moisture, dust, and scratches on copper tube heat exchanger inner surfaces. |
| Bundling | Nylon straps + wooden spacers | Keeps copper heat exchanger tube OD 19mm, 1 inch, or 5/8 inch sizes organized and vibration-free. |
| Moisture Barrier | Thick PE film wrap (heat-shrunk) | Blocks humidity during long sea voyages to copper heat exchanger tube Germany or Saudi Arabia. |
| Outer Packing | Export-grade plywood cases or steel-banded wooden crates | Withstands stacking and rough handling. Each crate labeled with PO number, alloy (e.g., SB111 C70600), and quantity. |
| Documentation | Packing list + Mill Test Certificate (MTC) attached outside | Customs clearance support for copper heat exchanger tube stockist and distributor partners. |
For U-Bundle Orders: U tube heat exchanger and U tube bundle heat exchanger are placed in dedicated steel jigs inside the crate to prevent bending radius distortion.
Our Factory & Equipment
| Equipment Type | Specification / Capability | Quality Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Horizontal Continuous Casting Line | 10-ton capacity | Produces homogeneous copper alloy tube for heat exchanger billets with zero porosity. |
| Three-Roll Piercing Mill | Up to 60mm OD | Precision wall thickness control for heat exchanger tube wall thickness as low as 0.5mm. |
| Cold Drawing Bench | 5 draws in sequence | Achieves tight tolerances on copper heat exchanger tube length and heat exchanger pipe diameter. |
| Straightening & Cutting Line | CNC servo-controlled | Burr-free cutting for copper heat exchanger tube 3/4 inch and 1 inch to exact project lengths. |
| U-Bending Machine | CNC mandrel type | Produces u tube condenser and U tube bundle heat exchanger without kinking or ovality. |
| Eddy Current Tester | NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) | 100% inspection of C70600 tube and C71500 tube for pinholes or cracks per ASTM B111 pdf standards. |
| Hydrostatic Tester | Up to 200 bar | Validates heat exchanger tube expansion and tube rolling integrity. |
| Spectrometer | Optical emission (OES) | Confirms chemical composition of ASME SB111, EN 12451, and JIS H3300 grades on every batch. |
Our Certifications & Compliance:
ASTM B111 pdf and ASME SB111 pdf full traceability.
ISO 9001:2015 quality management system.
Third-party inspection accepted: SGS, BV, Lloyds, or TUV.
Copper heat exchanger tube life expectancy testing reports available upon request.
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